The Psychology of Sputnik - Discovery News [fornadablog.blogspot.com]
Question by Dawn: How do I make brown "water" for a fake bayou for a social studies project? I know there is something people who make cakes use to give the look of water; this is a bayou Im doing, so my "water needs to be brown, but what do I use to make it? Best answer for How do I make brown "water" for a fake bayou for a social studies project?:
Answer by blurrytree Answer by mark Answer by Jenny Answer by Karen L Answer by Diane B.
add brown water based paint
Brown dye
Chocolate syrup. Just stir it in like you do with milk.
Is this actual water that will be in the project? If so, use food colouring, available in any grocery store in the baking supplies section. Red and green make brown, and sometimes you need yellow too for a more realistic brown. Mix it in a separate bottle or something, adding small amounts of each colour at a time, so you can get the colour right before adding it to your project.
If you're making a firm "water" instead of a liquid water, then you're probably thinking of natural gelatin (not the colored kind like Jello, just the plain one called gelatin). It will set up when cooled to be a bit firmer than Jello, and be a light brown. If you want it to be more brown, add a drop of red and green food coloring (or paste) before it sets. You can also add a bit of acrylic paint (brown, or red+green or blue+orange) but if you use very much the water won't be quite as clear as it would have with the food coloring (you might want that for a bayou though). There are other ways to make firm or hard fake water** but the gelatin would be easiest probably. (If you want a thin or thick liquid water, use regular water or use mineral oil, etc., and color it with acrylic paint, food coloring, etc.) ** http://glassattic.com/polymer/other_materials.htm (click on "Faux Water" about 2/3 down list at top of page)
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[fornadablog.blogspot.com], The Psychology of Sputnik - Discovery News
Fifty-five years ago today, the Soviet Union launched history's first artificial satellite.
Sputnik was an innocuous satellite; Soviet scientists behind the launch were just happy to successfully put the probe into orbit. But in the United States the reaction was different.
The engineering feat very quickly gave way to hysteria and paranoia. President Eisenhower initially downplayed the role of the satellite as a threat to find that he'd grossly underestimated its psychological impact.Â
PHOTOS: Sputnik History
The 17 months between July 1957 to December 1958 saw a peak in solar activity. Scientists around the world agreed that it was an optimal time for investigation into atmospheric phenomenon, and deemed the period an International Geophysical Year (IGY). The goal was to advance scientific understanding of the environment around the planet, and both the United States and the USSR planned to launch satellites as part of their IGY programs.
WATCH VIDEO: Enjoy our top 5 lunar moments; astronauts singing, dancing and falling over... on the moon!
By the fall of 1957, it looked like the Soviets would get their satellite up before the Americans launched theirs. The end of September saw the Comité Speciale de l'Année Geophysique Internationale (CSAGI) host a six-day conference at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington. Rocketry and satellite research for IGY programs took center stage, and throughout the meeting Soviets in attendance made mention that they were "on the eve" of a satellite launch.
Americans took these remarks to be little more than boastful rhetoric. But the last night of the conference -- Friday, October 4 -- Sputnik zoomed overhead and proved the Soviets weren't all talk.Â
The immediate reaction of U.S. leaders was diplomatic. Eisenhower and members of his administration congratulated the Soviets on their accomplishment while the news reached the Soviet people with a small article in the newspaper Pravda.
ANALYSIS: Asteroid Deflection Should Be Next 'Sputnik Moment'
While U.S. leaders wouldn't deny the importance of this first satellite, they also recognized that Sputnik wasn't the most sophisticated piece of hardware. It was heavy, 184 pounds, but American scientists knew its size and weight was due to its primitive instruments.
The spherical satellite held a transmitter that beeped, hardware that changed the pitch of the beep depending on temperature, and batteries to run the instrument. Ham radio operators could pick up the signal as the satellite passed overhead every 96 minutes.Â
But the public didn't focus on Sputnik's basic instruments; the public focused on its size. Sputnik's 184 pounds was massive compared the 3.5 pound satellite the United States was planning to launch on the Navy's Vanguard rocket. Vanguard was also a fairly simple satellite, but its instruments were smaller and more refined. No one cared. The bigger satellite was the scarier satellite.
People were worried about the beeping, too. Some thought the signal was somehow telling the Soviets the exact locations of U.S. cities. It wasn't, though that wasn't a farfetched guess; the U.S. Army had at one point at least considered using a satellite to triangulate the exact position of cities in Russia.Â
PHOTOS: The Gemini Missions: Paving the Path for Apollo
What no one failed to recognize, from White House administrators to the man on the street, was that the rocket that put the 184-pound Sputnik in orbit was far more powerful than the rocket that was going to put the 3.5 Vanguard satellite in orbit.
The 1950s Cold War mentality turned this weight disparity into one of capability, and the implications were terrifying from the American perspective. If the Soviets could launch Sputnik, what else could they put into orbit? What might soon be zooming over our heads?
That Sputnik came on the heels of a successful test flight of a Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile just a month before surely increased the sense of fear, but being clearly visible in the night sky made the satellite more ominous than a missile test on the other side of the world. People started talking about a "missile gap" and "technology gap."
History became divided into two eras: pre-Sputnik and post-Sputnik.
Two events the following month fed the fire that Sputnik had sparked. On November 3 the Soviet Union launched a second satellite, Sputnik 2. This second launch was much more impressive. Weighing a staggering 1,120 pounds, this spacecraft was equipped with a rudimentary life support system to keep its passenger, a dog named Laika, alive. Sputnik 2 made it clear that the Soviets' launch capability exceeded the Americans', and suggested that a manned satellite would follow before long.Â
A presidentially commissioned review of U.S. nuclear policies -- the so-called "Gaither Report" --Â warned that the Soviet Union might have a significant ICBM capability by the end of 1959, though it wasn't definitive. And although the report was classified as top secret, details and some of its conclusions were leaked to the press.
As the news spread, it fueled the sense that a missile gap existed between the two countries. This intensified the shock of the Soviet double whammy in space. The perceived missile gap turned into a very real fear and sparked the need to match then beat the Russians in space.
The race was effectively on.
Photo: The Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 on Oct. 4, 1957. The world’s first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1 was a 183-pound beach ball-sized sphere that took about 98 minutes to orbit Earth. Credit: JPL/NASA
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Maroon 5 Feat. Rozzi Crane "Come Away To The Water" With Lyrics On Screen (The Hunger Games Soundtrack) Hope you like it ;)..I Love this song!! "Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use" Come Away To The Water (Lyrics) - Maroon 5 Feat. Rozzi Crane
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