Muddy Japanese lake offers spectacular prospects for carbon dating - ZME Science [fornadablog.blogspot.com]
model will be tested in calm water and stationary in water tank MARINOVASI 2012 (demonstration part 1)
[fornadablog.blogspot.com], Muddy Japanese lake offers spectacular prospects for carbon dating - ZME Science
When you think about clarity â€" probably the last thing that comes to mind is mud, but that’s exactly what it can do to carbon dating: provide the much needed clarity the field needs. If you want to date something, radiometric dating is the way to go; basically, you analyze materials, such as rocks or artifacts and analyze decay rates of different radioactive isotopes. Depending on the situation, you want to analyze different isotopes and decay products. When it comes to relatively recent events (counted in thousands of years, as opposed to million), you want to analyze 14-C, an isotope of carbon.
Especially when it comes to organic matter, such as bones, wood or plant fibers, we compare the isotope carbon-14 and the stable carbon-12 that they contain. The main problem here is that the 14-C to 12-C ratio changes over time, so if you want to make a good estimate, you have to know the initial ratio, to make the necessary calculations which then give you the age â€" and this is exactly where lake Suigetsu comes in. Up until now, this initial ratio was always somewhat disputable and was always a source of possible error in terms of age estimation, but the leaf and twig fossils have remained undisturbed at the bottom of Lake Suigetsu for tens of thousands of years because the lake is very still and its bottom is completely anoxic.
Now, because the sediments and organic matter have remained undisturbed for this long period of time, they can provide researchers with some of the most accurate records of radiocarbon in the atmosphere yet. They offer accurate information about any single year in the past 60 millenia, explains Christopher Bronk Ramsey , from the University of Oxford.
“This is massively important,†says Chris Turney, a climate scientist at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, who was not involved in the research. He says it is a bit like a Rosetta stone that will allow researchers from a range of disciplines to work out the precise age of organic remains. “You’ve got all these different records all scattered around the planet and nobody’s known how to link them all in,†says Turney. The Lake Suigetsu record offers a way.
“You’ve got all these different records all scattered around the planet and nobody’s known how to link them all in,†says Turney. The Lake Suigetsu record offers a way.
So why is this important? Well, after you go past 12.000 years, it becomes much harder to estimate the age accurately, and a big part of this problem is (or perhaps was) a lack of a reliable background value. Researchers sampled a core from the lake, and as you can almost see with a naked eye, different years can be distinguished from each other in a continuous core. This can be done because the samples contain some algae, called diatoms. These diatoms cover the lakebed every year, and are followed by a sediment layer. Takeshi Nakagawa, a professor at the University of Newcastle, was first involved in sediment sampling at this lake in 1993, but the cores he analyzed weren’t continuous, and lacked information about certain years.
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Question by Dan: How does recycling conserve "water" and "trees"? im doing an essay and i know that plastic and stuff is sufficating our atmoshphere, how is it doing that? And im not sure how recycling conserves the water and the trees Best answer for How does recycling conserve "water" and "trees"?:
Answer by CypticSlaughter Answer by Gourdman Answer by Len Answer by marty r
If we recycle plastic, for example, then we will have to use less oil and petrolium(this is what plastic is made from) and energy to make the plastic in the first place.
Think of paper alone and the number of trees required to produce it, as well as the amount of water involved in the paper-making process. - 1 ton of uncoated virgin (non-recycled) printing and office paper uses 24 trees - 1 ton of 100% virgin (non-recycled) newsprint uses 12 trees - 1 carton (10 reams) of 100% virgin copier paper uses .6 trees SOURCE: Conservatree http://www.conservatree.org/learn/EnviroIssues/TreeStats.shtml As for water, "Paper making uses a great deal of water, frequently from diminishing groundwater supplies. In the Green Bay area, the aquifer drawdown caused by excessive high capacity wells of the paper industry are a major cause of our municipal water woes, forcing local taxpayers to build expensive pipelines 30 miles to Lake Michigan. " Clean Water Action Council of Northeastern Wisconsin, Inc. http://www.cwac.net/paper_industry/ Then there's cardboard, packing material, construction supplies, all of which can be made from recycled wood and paper, irrigation water that can reclaimed from sewage, and on and on it goes. The possibilities are nearly endless. But the ultimate goal is to use less of everything. Even the process of recycling involves energy, water, and sometimes wood, and much of that which is recycled still turns out to be needless crap.
Teak timbers torn from 200-300 year old ships long buried under water are now being dried out and used to create gorgeous doorways, paneling and stairways. Wood, you see, doesn't go bad unless infested with worms or it's exposed to fire or undesirable chemicals.Wood, then, can be recycled. When we recycle, we're viewing the material as though it were a commodity. The old teak, for example, was used in the ship's construction. Once no longer fulfilling that role, it's now looked upon as simply a pile of wood to be used in a new and important role. Think of how many trees don't have to be sacrificed as a result of this action. And fewer trees need be planted, less fertilizer applied, far less water consumed by young saplings. The primary ingredient in fertilizer, by the way, is natural gas. Recycling previously used wood, thus, saves on fossil fuel, too. When plastics are manufactured, the heating processes utilized involve the release of contaminants into the air. Take a stroll in the Baytown, Texas area and sniff the air. It reeks of acrid oil and plastics because of the presence of many refineries as well as plastics plants. If we can smell these things, just imagine how many parts per million of contaminants are being released into the air we breathe every day! None of these particles are good for our health or they'd not be classified as contaminants in the first place. Recycling aluminum cans is another important side of recycling. Aluminum manufacturing calls for extremely high heat. Taking already existing aluminum cuts way back on the need for smelting and maintaining fuel supplies to complete the process of making aluminum available for various applications. This applies to the making of glass as well---another one of those extraordinarily high-heat manufacturing processes that can be reduced severely by using previously made glass. Plastics and rubber products are being reduced to pellets and turned into flooring materials. The list is incredibly long. But something we don't always consider just happened to cross my mind this morning when I heard an ad on the radio while I was driving. The ad asked listeners if they'd signed up for tissue and organ donation. When we offer ourselves up "for adoption" so to speak, we're allowing modern scientists to make use of our bodies as they try to create improvements for the sake of benefiting our survivors. I regard this type of recycling as truly noble and important. This should help you get a start on your project. I wish you good luck on this. You may impact on another student, you never know. For now, just be open to learning new things and continue thinking through anything presenting itself to you---and don't be afraid to reconsider even some old ideas. Isn't that another form of recycling? LOL Len
You have a valid point. It takes a vast amount of water to create one two liter plastic bottle. Recycling paper and cardboard also uses water. It would seem that recycling paper products would help conserve trees but I think it would depend on how much virgin material came from the trees in the initial creation of the paper product. Ironically, some recycling processes actually use more energy or natural resources than they save!
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